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Biostatistics Advance Access originally published online on June 5, 2009
Biostatistics 2009 10(4):603-620; doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxp016
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

A novel approach to cancer staging: application to esophageal cancer

Hemant Ishwaran*

Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA hemant.ishwaran{at}gmail.com

Eugene H. Blackstone

Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA

Carolyn Apperson-Hansen

Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA

Thomas W. Rice

Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA

A novel 3-step random forests methodology involving survival data (survival forests), ordinal data (multiclass forests), and continuous data (regression forests) is introduced for cancer staging. The methodology is illustrated for esophageal cancer using worldwide esophageal cancer collaboration data involving 4627 patients.

Keywords: Predicted survival; Random forests; Survival curves; TNM

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received September 29, 2008; revised March 30, 2009; accepted for publication May 8, 2009.


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